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Maniola jurtina /Meadow Brown
E kafejta e livadheve (Jurtina)
Nymphalidae - Satyrinae
Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758). TL: N. Africa.
 
 
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1a. Maniola jurtina, distribution map.  Historical data ;  Additional data from the 2018 update ;  New observations since the 2018 update.
1b. Maniola jurtina ♀ upperside. Romania (© Sylvain Cuvelier)
1c. Maniola jurtina ♀ underside. Librazdh-Qarrishtë, Albania (© Sylvain Cuvelier)
1d. Maniola jurtina ♂ underside. Belgium (© Sylvain Cuvelier)
1e. Maniola jurtina ♂ underside. Albania (© Anila Paparisto)
1f. Maniola jurtina copula. Italy (© Sylvain Cuvelier)
1g. Maniola jurtina ♂ frontal. Belgium (© Sylvain Cuvelier)
Description
♂♂
Medium size butterfly. Fw: 22-25 mm.
Ups: dark brown gc.
Upf: large dark sex-brand, rarely vestigial orange markings, one almost or completely blind apical ocellus.
Uph: unmarked.
Unf: large fulvous area, pale brown costa and outer margin, large white-pupilled apical ocellus.
Unh: pale grey-brown gc, slightly darker basal area, variable small dots in postdiscal band (sometimes absent)
♀♀
Slightly larger.
Upf: variable pale orange discal and postdiscal area, one apical ocellus.
Uph: sometimes with unmarked orange postdiscal band.
Unh: well marked, contrasting pale yellow-brown postdiscal band without ocelli.
Similar species
Hyponephele lupinus
Size: similar.
Upf: ♂♂  large dark sex-brand.
UPf:  sex-brand not disrupted by veins.
Upf: ♂♂  blind apical ocellus.
Upf: ♀♀  two blind subapical ocelli, orange-yellow areas limited around the ocelli.
Unf: ♂♂  one white-pupilled ocellus.
Unf: ♀♀ two ocelli, at least one white-pupiled.
Unh:  postdiscal area no clear external margin.
Unh:  greyish-brown gc.
Hw:  outer margin scalloped.
Hyponephele lycaon
Size:smaller.
Upf: ♂♂  narrow sex-brand.
Upf: ♂♂  sex-brand
disrupted by veins.
Upf: ♂♂ blind apical ocellus.
Upf:
♀♀ orange pd band enclosing ocelli.
Upf:
♀♀ two blind apical ocelli.
Upf: ♀♀ discal extended yellow-orange area.
Unf: ♂♂ one white-pupilled ocellus.
Unf: ♀♀ two white-pupilled ocelli.
Unh: postdiscal area no clear external margin.
Unh: greyish-brown gc.
Hw:  outer margin weakly scalloped. |
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Life cycle
Adults: single generation, ♀♀ aestivating, from May to September.
Egg: 14-30 days.
Caterpillar: overwintering in different stages.
Pupa: 14-30 days.
Habitat
Maniola jurtina inhabits rough meadows and a large variety of grasslands from lowland up to 1800 m a.s.l.
Spatial requirement modest, population density often high.
Foodplants
Caterpillars feed mainly on Agrostis canina, capillaris, A. stolonifera, A. tenuis, Alopecurus pratensis, Brachypodium phoenicoides, B. pinnatum, B. sylvaticum, Bromopsis erecta, Bromus erectus, Cynosurus cristatus, Dactylis glomerata, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia cespitosa, Elymus repens, Festuca arundinacea, F. ovina, F. pratensis, F. rubra, Glyceria fluitans, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne and Phleum pratense, also mentioned are Anthoxanthum odoratum, Avenula pubescens, Carex praecox, Poa annua, P. pratensis and P. trivialis.
Butterflies feed on a large variety of flowers.
Distribution
Albania: widespread.
Balkan: AL - BG - BIH - GR - HR - NMK - MNE - RKS - RO - SLO -SRB
Europe: IB - IT - ALP - BAL - NWE - UK - SCA* - EEU
Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Caucasus and further east.
Conservation status
Maniola jurtina is not endangered.
Albanian Red List: NE.
IUCN Red List, category at the Mediterranean level: LC.
Useful links
Bink 2015
Pyrgus.de
Lepiforum
Euroleps
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